Relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance in excess-weight Latin children.

BACKGROUND: Excess weight, inflammation, and insulin resistance (IR) are associated, but the prevalence of and biomarkers for IR in Latin children are unknown. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IR in prepubertal and pubertal Latin children with excess weight and explore the usefulness of different biomarkers of low-grade inflammation for identifying IR status. METHODS: Sixty-eight children (31 boys, 37 girls; approximately 11 years of age) with excess weight (overweight and obese) and 20 healthy normal-weight children (12 boys, 8 girls; approximately 12 years of age) were included. Anthropometric parameters, insulin, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and myeloperoxidase were assessed and IR was determined by homeostasis model assessment index (cutoff points: 2.67 and 2.22 in prepubertal boys and girls and 5.55 and 3.82 in pubertal boys and girls, respectively). Intergroup differences were compared, correlations were investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were performed to estimate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and IR. RESULTS: The prevalence of IR among overweight children was 62%. IL-6 levels differed between overweight and obese boys, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, hs-CRP, and sCD40L differed between obese and normal-weight boys. In contrast, sCD40L levels were increased in overweight versus normal-weight girls, while MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and sCD40L differed between obese and normal-weight girls. Furthermore, MCP-1 and sCD40L levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were positively correlated with IR; however, a stepwise regression analysis that adjusted for the body mass index (BMI) z score, sex, and age showed that none were good predictors of IR status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IR is high among Latin children with excess weight. Although some inflammatory biomarkers differed among groups, none robustly predicted IR.

Hemostatic state of children with type 1 diabetes.

PURPOSE: Hyperglycemia is one of the factors responsible for the molecular alterations that modify hemostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of circulating molecules that have a prothrombotic impact on the child and adolescent population with type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: There were 35 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (11.0±2.5 years of age and a median 3.7±2.0 years of the disease) with no vascular complications and 20 healthy controls with similar age, sex, and body mass index included in the study. The evaluated parameters were fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), von Willebrand factor antigen, and standard coagulation tests (platelet count, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time). Glycemic control was evaluated by hemoglobin A1c and fasting blood glucose tests, and the presence of retinopathy and nephropathy was ruled out. The data obtained were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 20.0 and expressed as mean±standard deviation. The Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to investigate correlations between variables. RESULTS: Diabetic patients showed significantly higher levels of fibrinogen (308±66 mg/dL vs. 246±18 mg/dL, P=0.0001), PAI-1 (41.6±12 ng/mL vs. 11.7±1.0 ng/mL, P=0.0001), and von Willebrand factor antigen (284%±55% vs. 121%±19%, P=0.0001). However, standard coagulation tests did not show differences between the 2 groups. PAI-1 was correlated with glycemia, hemoglobin A1c, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor antigen. CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of fibrinogen, PAI-1, and von Willebrand factor antigen were found in the pediatric and adolescent population with type 1 diabetes mellitus, which suggests a prothrombotic state.

Móleculas protrombóticas en niños con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 / Study of prothrombotic molecules in type 1 diabetes mellitus children

Introducción: la hiperglucemia contribuye a cambios moleculares que alteran la hemostasia. Objetivos: determinar moléculas circulantes que indiquen la presencia de un estado protrombótico en una población infanto juvenil con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), sin manifestación clínica de enfermedad vascular, y compararla con una población control. Pacientes y métodos: se estudiaron 35 pacientes con DM1, de 11,0±2,5 años de edad y 3,7±2,0 años de evolución de la enfermedad, sin complicaciones vasculares y 20 controles sanos de edad, sexo e IMC semejantes. Se determinaron: fibrinógeno (Fg), inhibidor del activador del plasminógeno 1 (PAI-1), antígeno del factor von Willebrand (FvW:Ag), ligando CD40 soluble (sCD40L) y pruebas globales de coagulación como recuento de plaquetas, tiempo de protrombina (TP) y tiempo de tromboplastina parcial activado (APTT). El control glucémico se evaluó mediante glucemia en ayunas y A1c, y se descartó la presencia de retinopatía y nefropatía. Los datos se analizaron con el programa SPSS 20 para Windows y se expresaron como media±DE. El coeficiente de Pearson se usó para investigar las correlaciones entre las variables estudiadas. Resultados: los pacientes con DM1 presentaron valores significativamente mayores de Fg (308±66 vs 246±18 mg/dL, p=0,0001), PAI-1 (41,6±12 vs 11,7±1,0 ng/mL, p=0,0001), FvW:Ag (284±55 vs 121±19 %, p=0,0001) y sCD40L (1608±109 vs 149±17 pg/mL, p=0,0001). Sin embargo las pruebas globales de hemostasia no mostraron diferencias entre ambos grupos. El PAI-1 y sCD40L se correlacionaron con glucemia, A1c, Fg y FvW:Ag. Conclusiones: los niveles elevados de Fg, PAI-1, FvW:Ag y sCD40L sugieren la presencia de un estado protrombótico en la población infanto juvenil con DM1

Introduction: hyperglycemia contributes to molecular changes that alter hemostasis. Objectives: to determine molecules of a prothrombotic state in a child-juvenile population with type 1 diabetes (T1D), without clinical manifestation of vascular disease, and compare it with a control population. Patients and methods: thirty-five patients with T1D (11.0±2.5 years and 3.7±2.0 years of disease duration), without vascular complications and 20 healthy controls were studied. Plasma fibrinogen (Pf), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), von Willebrand factor antigen vWF:Ag and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and coagulation global tests such as platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were determined. The data obtained were analized by Statistics SPSS 20 software and were expressed as the mean±standard desviation. Pearson coefficient was used to investigate correlations between variables. Results: diabetic patients presented significantly higher values of glycaemia, A1c, Fg (308± 66 vs 246±18 mg/dL, p=0.0001), PAI-1 (41.6±12 vs 11.7±1, 0 ng/mL, p=0.0001), vWF:Ag (284±55 vs 121±19%, p= 0.0001) and sCD40L (1608±109 vs 149±17 pg/mL, p=0.0001). However, overall hemostasis tests showed no differences between both groups, PAI-1 and sCD40L correlated with glycemia, A1c, Fg and vWF:Ag. Conclusions: high levels of Fg, PAI-1, vWF:Ag and sCD40L suggest the presence of a prothrombotic state in the infant population juvenil with DT1

Non-HDL-cholesterol and C-reactive protein in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: To what extent high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is associated with known cardiovascular risk factors in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has not been fully explored. METHODS: Forty-two T1D children (age: 12+/-1 years) without hypertension, retinopathy, hypothyroidism, albuminuria or other endocrine diseases and 20 controls were studied. Out of the 42 T1D patients studied 57% were prepubertal or early pubertal (Tanner I/II), 38% were pubertal (Tanner III/IV) and 5% post-pubertal (Tanner V). RESULTS: Children with T1D showed higher hsCRP than controls [0.51 (0.31-1.71 vs. 0.20 (0.20-0.90) mg/L, p<0.05]. However, hsCRP levels were not different in subgroup analysis [hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)>7.5% or disease duration>3 years] within the group of children with T1D. Conversely, non-high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was different in the subgroup analysis. Moreover non-HDL-cholesterol was correlated with age (r=0.37, p<0.01), disease duration (r=0.36, p<0.01) and fasting glucose (r=0.55, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-HDL-cholesterol might be more useful than hsCRP to evaluate future cardiovascular risk in children with T1D.

Inflamacion subclinica en diabetes tipo 1 infanto-juvenil / Subclinical inflammation in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes / Inflamação subclínica em crianças e adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1

En ninos y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 (DT1) puede aparecer precozmente un estado de inflamacion subclinica. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar los niveles plasmaticos de moleculas proinflamatorias en una poblacion infanto-juvenil con DT1, sin evidencias clinicas de complicaciones vasculares y correlacionar estos parametros entre si y con el grado de control glucemico y tiempo de evolucion de la enfermedad. Se estudiaron 42 pacientes con DT1 (21M/21F), de 10 a 13 anos, que se compararon con un grupo control. Se evaluaron: recuento de leucocitos, formas solubles de E-selectina (sE-S) y molecula de adhesion celular vascular 1 (VCAM-1), mieloperoxidasa (MPO), TNF-á, Fibrinogeno (Fg) y uPCR. Los datos se expresaron como mediana y rango intercuartil. Los diabeticos presentaron niveles aumentados de: sE-S [108 (69-150) vs. 68 (52-86) ng/mL, p=0,003], VCAM-1 [785 (732-835) vs 712 (658-758) ng/mL, p=0,04], uPCR [1,00 (0,67-1,70) vs. 0,20 (0,18-0,87) mg/L, p=0,01]. No se observaron diferencias en las moleculas estudiadas segun el grado de control glucemico y tiempo de evolucion de la enfermedad. La uPCR se correlaciono con glucemia en ayunas, HbA1c, sE-S y VCAM1. Los niveles elevados de uPCR, sE-S y VCAM-1 sugieren un estado proinflamatorio asociado a activacion endotelial en ninos con DT1, potenciando el riesgo de enfermedad vascular.

In children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D), clinical manifestations of vascular complications are uncommon; however, endothelial disturbance and a pro-inflammatory state can emerge early. The objectives of this work were: I) to determine plasma levels of proinflammatory molecules in a T1D pediatric population with no clinical evidence of vascular complications; II) to correlate these parameters with each other, and with glycemic control degree and disease duration. Forty-two patients with T1D (21 M/21W), aged 10 and 13 years and an evolution time not more than 6 years were compared with a control group. The biochemical parameters evaluated were: WBC, sE-S and VCAM-1, MPO, TNF-á, hsCRP and plasma Fg. Glycemic control was performed by determining fasting glucose and HbA1c. Data were expressed as the median and interquartile range. Increased levels of sE-S [108 (69-150) vs. 68 (52-86) ng/mL, p=0.003], VCAM-1 [785 (732-835) vs. 712 (658-758) ng/mL, p=0.04], hsCRP [1.00 (0.67-1.70) vs. 0.20 (0.18- 0.87) mg/L, p=0.01] were found in diabetic patients compared with the control group. No differences in the studied molecules were observed when diabetic patients were grouped according to glycemic control degree and evolution of the disease. hsCRP correlated with fasting glucose, HbA1c, sE-S and VCAM-1. High hsCRP, sE-S and VCAM-1 levels suggest a proinflammatory state associated with endothelial activation in children and adolescents with T1D, potentiating the risk of vascular disease.

Em crianças e adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1 (DT1), um estado de inflamação subclínica pode aparecer de forma precoce. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar os níveis plasmáticos de moléculas pró-inflamatórias em uma população infanto-juvenil com DM1 sem evidências clínicas de complicações vasculares e correlacionar estes parâmetros, entre si com o grau de controle glicêmico e tempo de evolução da doença. Foram estudados 42 pacientes com DM1 (21M/21F), de 10 a 13 anos, que foram comparados com um grupo controle. Foram avaliadas a contagem de leucócitos, formas solúveis de E-selectina (sE-S) e molécula de adesão celular vascular 1 (VCAM-1), mieloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-á, fibrinogênio (Fg) e PCRus. Os dados foram expressos como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Os pacientes diabéticos apresentaram níveis aumentados de SE-S [108 (69-150) vs. 68 (52-86) ng/mL, p=0,003], VCAM-1 [785 (732-835) vs. 712 (658-758) ng/mL, p=0,04], PCRus [1,00 (0,67-1,70) vs. 0,20 (0,18-0,87) mg/L, p=0,01]. Não foram observadas diferenças nas moléculas estudadas segundo o grau de controle glicêmico e tempo de evolução da doença. O PCRus foi correlacionado com glicemia em jejum, HbA1c, sES e VCAM1. Os níveis elevados de PCRus, sE-S e VCAM-1 sugerem um estado pró-inflamatório associado com a ativação do endotélio em crianças com DM1, aumentando o risco de doença vascular.

Biomarcadores de inflamación subclínica en pacientes infanto-juveniles con diabetes tipo 1 / Subclinical inflammation biomarkers in an infant-juvenile patients with type 1 diabetes

La diabetes tipo 1 (DT1) se asocia a un riesgo incrementado de complicaciones vasculares. Las citoquinas proinflamatorias IL-6, MCP-1 y TNF-α han sido implicadas en el desarrollo de estas complicaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los niveles plasmáticos de IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, PCRus y fibrinógeno (Fg) en pacientes infanto-juveniles con DT1 y su asociación con el grado de control glucémico y tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. Se estudiaron 45 pacientes con DT1 (24 M/21 F), edad 11,2}1,8 años, con tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad de 3,1}3,0 años, sin complicaciones vasculares, que se compararon con 20 sujetos sanos. Se determinaron los niveles plasmáticos de IL-6, MCP-1 y TNF-α, Fg, PCRus, recuento de leucocitos, glucemia en ayunas y HbA1c. Se descartó la presencia de retinopatía y nefropatía. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SPSS 15 para Windows. Los niños diabéticos presentaron niveles mayores de IL-6 (1,10}0,74 vs 0,68}0,19 pg/ml; p=0,005), MCP-1 (130}49 vs 95}18 pg/ml; p=0,02), PCRus (1,02}1,07 vs 0,43}026 mg/l; p=0,007), Fg (299}59 vs 246}18 mg/dl, p=0,0001), respecto de los controles. No se observaron diferencias significativas de TNF-α entre ambos grupos. Al agrupar a los diabéticos según el grado de control glucémico (HbA1c <8% y ≥8%) y el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad (≤3 y >3 años), no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las moléculas estudiadas. En los diabéticos la HbA1c se correlaciono con IL-6, MCP-1 y PCRus. Estos resultados reflejan un estado proinflamatorio en la población diabética estudiada.

Evaluación de disfunción endotelial en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 / Dysfunction endothelial evaluation in type 2 diabetes patients

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar moléculas involucradas en la activación endotelial, tales como la molécula de adhesión sE-Selectina (sE-S) y el péptido vasoconstrictor Endotelina-1 (ET-1) en individuos diabéticos tipo 2 y su asociación con otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se estudiaron 62 pacientes diabéticos que se compararon con un grupo control. Las concentraciones de sE-S y ET-1 fueron significativamente mayores en los diabéticos que en los controles (sE-S: 90,6±26,2 ng/mL vs. 49,5±9,2 ng/mL, p<0,00001; ET-1: 11,3±3,7 vs. 7,7±0,5 pg/mL, p<0,001, respectivamente). Estas moléculas, en pacientes con índice de masa corporal (IMC) normal y aumentado, mostraron diferencias significativas (sE-S: 75,5±22,4 vs. 97,1±32,9 ng/mL, p<0,05; ET-1: 8,4±2,4 vs. 14,1±4,9 pg/mL, p=0,001, respectivamente). No se encontraron diferencias entre individuos diabéticos normo e hipertensos, no fumadores y fumadores, ni normo e hipercolesterolémicos. El 81% de la población estudiada presentó un pobre control glucémico (HA1c>7%), siendo significativamente mayores los niveles de ET-1 en este grupo (p<0,01) no así para sE-S (p=0,74). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los pacientes diabéticos presentan activación endotelial reflejada en los niveles elevados de sE-S y ET-1. El IMC aumentado y el pobre control glucémico incrementan la disfunción endotelial en estos pacientes.

The object of this work was to study molecules involved in endothelial activation, such as E-selectin (sE-S) and the vasoconstrictor peptide Endothelin-1 (ET-1) in Type 2 diabetes patients, and their relation with other cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty-two patients with diabetes were compared with matched controls. sE-S and ET-1 concentrations in diabetes patients were significantly elevated compared with controls (sE-S: 90.6±26.2 ng/mL vs 49.5±9.2 ng/mL, p<0.00001; ET-1: 11.3±3.7 vs 7.7±0.5 pg/mL, p<0.001, respectively). sE-S and ET-1 levels in diabetes patients with normal and increased body mass index showed significant differences (sE-S: 75.5±22.4 vs. 97.1±32.9 ng/mL, p<0.05; ET-1: 8.4±2.4 vs. 14.1±4.9 pg/mL, p=0.001 respectively). There were no significant differences in none of the molecules values between patients with or without hypertension, smokers or non-smokers, neither in diabetes patients with or without hypercholesterolemia. Eighty-one percent of the population with diabetes presented a poor glycemic control (HA1c>7%) and in these patients, ET-1 plasma levels were significantly increased (p<0.01), but not sE-S (p=0.74). These results show that obesity and a poor glycemic control increase the endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes patients.